Heating Basics 102

Hearth & Home

Heating your own home is all about comfort. The goal is to efficiently create warmth, with minimum effort and cost, to enable easily living the rest of your life (obtaining food in all forms) while winter rages outside.


Fireplaces satisfy that basic urge to bring the flame into the home, creating the direct warmth on the face and the extended, rubbing hands around a campfire feel. The mantle provides a place for stockings with care, and a visual focus for the artwork of the Home. During a gathering of friends, the ambient flame welcomes guests to feel safe.

While it satisfies a basic psychological urge, unfortunately, in addition to being dangerous when not-maintained properly, the fireplace is not able to offer much heat into the room, spitefully pushing it up the chimney instead. Even worse, it sucks already conditioned air from every nook and cranny throughout the house, causing drafts and discomfort.

Woodstoves are a great compromise to the nearly-hands-on afficianados, providing much of the ambiance of an open flame, but turbo-charged to provide serious heat. No other source can match the saturating blanket of warmth, the embracing feel of entering a room toasty and sizzling.

The word “cozy” is perhaps best defined by an evening heated by a woodstove. As darkness descends and winter cold creeps in, the appliance becomes the center of life. The warmer you want to be, the closer you get. Children play on the floor in front of it. Animals sleep practically under it. Mittens dry on hooks behind it. The sizzle and crackle is as soothing as classical music.

Cheaper to install ($2-3000 plus labor), and one third the cost to run, wood heat is a great alternative for the energy conscious, but requires a year round commitment not suitable for the feint-at-heart. No matter how comfy the sound, heat by woodstove takes constant attention, and armfuls of work.

The adage is absolutely correct that woodstoves heat you twice: once when you burn, and once collecting the wood. As winter ends, the real work begins to secure and cure enough cords (typically 3-5 at $150 each) by late Fall. The stack must remain dry and close enough to be easily hauled inside. The chips of bark and dust fall where they may, littering the pathway, and just when you are really settled down and comfortable, it demands another log.

Efficient designs allow for stoves to burn all night, but like feeding a pet, there is a problem for those who spend the Holidays away. Additionally, the amount of heat enjoyed is directly proportional to the proximity to the stove, so the far reaches of a home tend to remain chilly and comparatively uncomfortable.

While a great solution for someone concerned with economics and a greener lifestyle, in cold climates the drawback of a woodstove is that it requires the support of another system to ensure that pipes are never frozen. Discussion of these will follow in future entries.

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Heating Basics 101

3 Ways to Heat Your Home

The high cost of heat and the number of calls for help with weatherization invites a few basic lessons on the subject of creating efficient comfort in colder climates.


This week, a friend called complaining of cold feet. With rolls of fiberglass insulation laying in the basement since purchasing the house, it was only logical for her to finally take the time to hang it between the hand-hewn (this means really old and imperfect) joists under the floors separating the living spaces from the cold basement.

In actuality, the warmth generated by finally taking this action would have only made her feet colder come winter. Like our bodies, a house is a complicated system, and a chill is not always cured by putting on a sweater.

Comfort in the home is all about the condition of the air and surfaces. In hot climates, the solution is named air-conditioning for a reason. Against the cold, heaters are the appropriate solution.

How best to heat and move the air has been under discussion since people first shivered. The invention of fire has not only led to filet mignon, but created sophisticated ways to ensure comfort in the home.

The fire itself has remained a choice for those who love the psychological warmth of hands close to the heat. From the primitive lodges with a hole at the top to Rumford fireplaces channeling hot air through the chimney, an open flame within the house has provided warmth throughout the ages.

But also danger.


Unfortunately, with the benefits has come the pain of too many lives destroyed from fire burning out of control. A multitude of heaters have been designed to contain the fire safely and distribute the warmth efficiently. In my experience, there are three basic methods: the woodstove containing the raging fire; the furnace heating and distributing the air; and the boiler heating and distributing water which radiates heat outward to condition the air in each room.

How each of these works and how to hold their heat in your home can be the topics for many entries to come as the leaves change and temperatures drop, heading towards a long, cold winter.

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Just Another Season

The New Year really begins in the Fall.

With the start of school is also the approach of winter. Settled back into a home after a summer of outdoor play and travel, the approach of winter looms. Like squirrels gathering nuts, people prepare for the long, cold days ahead.

Conventional wisdom may say that Spring is a carpenter’s busiest season, but my experience has consistently logged the longest hours in the Fall. Projects conceived when the snow melted, were designed, priced and redesigned in June, then put on hold. Now settling back into cramped quarters, jobs are rushed into production to be finished before family arrives at Thanksgiving.

This year, uncertainty about the Election and fears for the economy have changed the landscape. After years of flourishing under the lights of low interest rates and high confidence, the ripe additions are not so abundant for the picking. Instead, people are taking stock and just making the necessary repairs to protect their investment.

In truth, the majority of builders have seen a lot of good years where the biggest problem has been finding the labor needed to construct the wealth of projects contracted. One had the luxury to pick and choose, be too busy to answer new calls, and enjoy profits that only seem appropriate for such hard work.

For some, it is the only season they have known.

Now, it is easy—like breathing the crisp air that turns leaves to brilliant colors before falling off—to smell the panic. Men swaggering in big new pick-ups two years ago are sweating their payment due next week. Others, who have enjoyed the paycheck every Friday working for someone else, are suddenly on their own, with little ability or experience to know how to take off their nail belt to turn over stones. The signs that advertised hiring have been taken down and stored away.

I hate to admit I have been doing this long enough to have survived several such downturns. The good news is that I have learned that it is a cycle and will eventually turn upwards again. Those signs to hire will eventually be brought back out.

In the meantime, we have to tighten our nail belts and work harder to distinguish ourselves from the next guy. Tough choices must be made to retain the best of your crew, laying off the less productive, no matter how many mouths they might have at home to feed. Spend more time in the field and save office work for the evenings, side-by-side with your kids doing schoolwork. Relentless attention to detail will trim wasteful habits and secure a profitable job against competition. Creative financing may ease troublesome debt.

Having been through it before makes it no easier. Ideally, in the good times, one has stashed some money aside, and diversified the kind of work in the portfolio as well as the kind of client for whom it is done. Ultimately, the ones who have maintained marketing strategies, even though the Good Times felt too busy to have the time to spare, are the ones with phones that will continue to ring.

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For the Sake of Fun

So focused on my other blog, I recognize and acknowledge my lack of attention here.

In actuality, while absorbed in the lofty thoughts of heart by night, my days have been methodically constructed around carpentry projects, hour by hour, just doing the work. In completing projects with my own dirty and recalloused hands, I better understand my problems when at the lead of a much larger business.


To really be effective in any endeavor, there must be an element of fun. Responsible for the livelihood of 6 to 10 others, the overwhelming pressure to find work and produce it efficiently under mounting debt smothered rare moments of satisfaction and enjoyment. There was no time for pride or celebration.

In these past months, I have been working alone, or alongside friends who need the help and guidance to improve their homes. In addition to earnings without liability beyond my own two hands, I am able to rediscover the pleasure, sweeping up at the end of the day, of a job well done, day by day, hour by hour. There is an exquisite moment, just before driving off into the homelife, of accomplishment, of plans working out, of measurable progress.

Usually distracted in my life by larger concerns of family, our own home and mortgage, dreams of vacations, and even bigger dreams of someday being the Writer I always wanted to be, the actual tasks of carpentry have been, for me, but means to an end. Not really in stride with the tools in hand, I could recite the adage “measure twice, cut once”, even go through the motions of measuring a third time (having been interrupted by a question), and still get the cut wrong.

Better to leave the carpentry to the ones who really want to do it, I thought, and focused on design and sales. I drew great plans, supported by charts and spreadsheets that no one else actually understood as clearly, and in a booming economy, hired any guy with tools who answered the desperate ads to fill crews to finish all the jobs I could get started.

No matter the impressive portfolio that was built, so very little of it turned out to be any fun.


I miss the big projects, the large and beautiful additions, the buzz of activity on job sites, the line of pick-ups parked in the yard. Honestly, I really enjoyed driving up to answer questions, point fingers, and run off to attend to another site. I tried to be clear that I did not have all the answers, that I was just a facilitator, part of a team, but the truth is that the job needs a leader, someone in touch with every detail, someone who can prevent mistakes, and fixes them quickly with authority, demanding accountability when they happen anyway.

Today, I finish a kitchen. I have installed every cabinet, set every screw, laid every piece of flooring. The job is not perfect if one looks closely enough. I know where the scratches are and the excessive caulk that filled a gap. Even so, my friends will enjoy years of meals here, watch their grandchildren grow. Many, many more scratches will appear.


More importantly, although I would love to redo a couple of measurements and cuts, I will remember this kitchen fondly, the feeling each day of contentment and the tools in hand.

And wouldn’t you know, last night in a casual conversation about something else, I was asked to design an addition.

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On every construction site, a little Grace should fall

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Open or Closed Doors

As long as there is work to be done (and there always will be, remembering that shelter is a basic necessity), people will have to consider the difference s between Fixed Price and Cost Plus contracts.

The first is exactly as it implies: the contractor commits to a scope of work for a specific dollar amount and completes it, no matter the cost to him. Cost Plus (also known as “Labor and Materials”) charges for every invoice incurred, plus a percentage, and labor at an hourly rate.

No easy answer is available here to client or contractors. Pros and cons for both are so complex that ultimately each can be considered for any size or shape of project. The contractor, in theory, having more experience, can be prepared for both, and direct the client towards the one that is most advantageous to the circumstances.

At first glance, the one paying gravitates to a Fixed Price. You go to the store, pick out a shirt, put the money down, and it is done. Conventional wisdom says construction always goes over budget so the client wants to nail it as firmly as sheathing to a rafter, and banks absolutely insist on eliminating the risk.

In this case, the builder makes a bet that he can twist his predictions into reality, trusting that he has considered every problem and counted every stick. Unfortunately, he has little room to wiggle out of a more expensive sub-contract or an over-looked detail. Constant renegotiation, no matter how legitimate, smacks of “nickels and dimes”, or “low-balling”, and alienates the relationship. It is usually better to absorb the losses in the hopes of higher profits.

In a Cost Plus contract, the dollars accumulate in direct proportion to the project, no risk to the builder who shows up, produces a kitchen and gets paid. Less potential for a “killing”, he also, in theory, pays his bills and can count on his own paycheck at the end of every week.

The risk now falls on the owner. Construction projects usually do run over budget, but more often by choice than by mistake. It might cost fairly what it costs, but the owner and builder must have pencils sharp enough to pay for it all.

Size of the project and personalities of the parties play an important role in the choice of contract. As a rule of compromise, in new construction--which is so much easier to predict--a fixed price establishes a clean bill and an easy list of details with specific dollars attached. A remodel, potentially hiding surprises behind every existing wall, lends itself to the organic flexibility of a Cost Plus agreement.

How easily trust can be established in a few short and agenda-full meetings influences the choice. Ultimately, one’s comfort with risk is the ultimate decision.

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For Better or Worse

Once the scope has been established and the cost estimated, a contract must be written for the work. Many builders use—and often lawyers require—the standard AIA contract of many many pages. In my mind it really has too much verbiage and “boiler plate” legal phrases to have much bearing on your basic residential kitchen remodel.

A good contract can have a load of line items to define schedule, change orders, furniture protection, and snow removal. My list has grown along the way as a new problem is encountered.

The real point of the contract is to define the cost and scope of work so that owner and builder alike can have as much agreement as possible. Where decisions have been made, name brands and colors should be included. No detail is too small because at the end of the project, if they see red, it solves the dispute to point out that “red” was in the contract.

Without decisions, an allowance with a specific price marks the item for later adjustment. My contracts name a specific “builder’s grade” brand and standard color. When they upgrade (and the usually do), the cost is raised with a change order. In case they don’t, the product named in the allowance must be of sufficient quality that we both can live with.

While the owner naturally wants a start and finish date, too many variables are at play at either end to commit in a contract. Lawyers suggest a penalty clause, but that immediately transforms the project energy from teamwork to adversarial. The builder’s ability to stay in business is directly related to the list of satisfied customers, so he has strong incentive to ensure timely and efficient work.

Ultimately, the cost and a schedule of payments is the main purpose of the contract. It is easy to reach an agreement about what should be done physically, but who pays for what, how much and when is where disputes arise. Whether a Fixed Price or a Cost Plus contract (to be discussed in another entry), all of the detail helps to smooth an inheritantly rough and unpredictable process.

So much can change over the course of a project. Surprises lurk behind every wall. Crew availability fluctuates. The owners can divorce or even die. The contract with both signatures and all attachments, including drawings and budgets, proves a partnership to start. A line at the bottom that agrees to seek mediation before a jury, if trouble arrives, can restore that balance. A project completed is so much better than starting all over with a different horse and just another contract.

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